Maritime Security and Defense

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL PROCESS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF ARMED CONFLICT

I. S. Hanenko — 2025-03-25

The article examines the practical aspects of the implementation of international standards in the national criminal process regarding the protection of human rights in the context of an armed conflict. It is noted that in the conditions of armed conflicts, the level of such criminal offenses as: war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, criminal offenses against property and the rights of the civilian population increases significantly, and the mechanism of criminal prosecution for committing criminal offenses should include the standards of international humanitarian rights It is emphasized that the standards of international criminal law combine the norms of substantive, procedural, organizational, executive law, procedural and procedural institutions, are established in the relevant international legal sources and are introduced into the criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine through ratification, incorporation, signing, approval, joining contract and contract acceptance. It was determined that the ratification of the relevant international NPAs involves their inclusion in the sources of criminal procedural legislation (for example, the ratification of the Rome Statute led to a number of necessary changes in the criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine, in particular regarding the implementation of the principle of universal jurisdiction, the implementation of a special pre-trial investigation, ensuring the full scope of cooperation with the ICC) , and the provisions of unratified international normative legal acts are used in the field of legislative activity, professional development, scientific research, establishment of partnership relations, etc.(for example, the Statute of the European Organization for Justice defines the principles of functioning of Eurojust, including in the field of investigation of crimes committed during the Russian- Ukrainian war). It is summarized that the application of international standards of criminal procedure in conditions of armed conflict contributes to: establishing a legal framework for proper investigation and prosecution of international crimes, determining the procedure for bringing guilty persons to justice at the international level, harmonizing national legislation in accordance with international law, national guarantees of fair justice and strengthening of trust in it, effective cooperation with international institutions, etc.

INSTITUTIONAL INTERACTION OF INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATIONS WITH NATIONAL SECURITY MECHANISMS

D. O. Hrebeniuk — 2025-03-25

The article explores the institutional interaction between international maritime organisations and national security mechanisms, focusing on the International Maritime Organisation in the development of universal maritime security standards and the processes of their implementation in national legal systems. The legal and institutional aspects of Ukraine's cooperation with international maritime organisations in the context of the integration path are considered. The research analyses the main current challenges that pose risks to national security, and also attempts to clarify the institutional interaction of international maritime organisations with national security mechanisms through the prism of the modern system of global maritime governance. The evolution of this phenomenon shows that humanity has long faced challenges related to the use of maritime resources, which required coordinated international solutions. This aspect has led to the gradual formation of a system of legal norms regulating relations in the field of maritime use, and as a result, it has formed the basis for the establishment of the international law of the sea. The article outlines how the standards of the International Maritime Organization contribute to improving the effectiveness of response to these challenges by improving management approaches and technical support. The article focuses on the fact that maritime security is an integral part of the overall national security system, which in turn determines the need to develop comprehensive strategies to strengthen it. Therefore, the study shows that the institutional interaction of international maritime organisations with national security mechanisms can play a key role in creating effective tools for responding to modern threats. Particular emphasis is placed on the synergies between national and international structures in the areas of search and rescue, environmental safety, protection of critical maritime infrastructure and navigation safety, so the results of the study can be used to optimise national maritime security policy, strengthen cooperation with international maritime institutions and develop recommendations for strengthening national security by adapting global standards to the specifics of modern challenges.

CONTENT AND FEATURES OF EXPERT SAMPLING IN CYBER RISK ASSESSMENT

S. V. Demediuk — 2025-03-25

The article examines modern approaches to cybersecurity, in particular the concept of cyber resilience, which includes not only protection against attacks but also the ability of organizations to quickly recover from incidents. International and national regulatory documents governing cybersecurity are analyzed. The key threats in cyberspace and the need to implement a risk-based approach to assess and minimize potential dangers are identified. Considerable attention is paid to analytical methods of cyber risk assessment based on data collection, processing and classification. An important component of cybersecurity is an interdisciplinary approach that combines criminological, sociological, and mathematical methods for effective threat management. The study was conducted on the basis of an expert survey of representatives of the public sector, law enforcement agencies, military administrations, scientific institutions, and critical infrastructure enterprises. The study reveals significant variability in the assessment of cyber threats depending on the experience of specialists, which emphasizes the importance of involving a wide range of experts in the formation of strategic decisions in the field of cybersecurity. The article substantiates the need to develop effective mechanisms for countering cybercrime based on a comprehensive threat analysis and implementation of cyber resilience tools. The author proposes the main directions of development of the national cybersecurity system of Ukraine, in particular, improvement of the legislative framework, introduction of innovative technologies for big data analysis and expansion of training programs for specialists in this area. The results obtained can be used to improve the state policy in the field of cybersecurity, develop regulations aimed at reducing cyber risks, and create effective threat assessment methods. Further research should focus on a deeper analysis of risks, taking into account international experience and technological innovations, which will increase the level of cyber defense of government agencies, enterprises and civil society.

THE LEVEL OF PUBLIC TRUST IN THE POLICE: IS IT AN OBJECTIVE CRITERION FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE POLICE?

A. A. Desyatnik — 2025-03-25

The article is devoted to the study of administrative and legal aspects of certain problematic issues of the objectivity of the main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of police bodies and units – the level of public trust in the police. The author came to the conclusion that the level of public trust in the National Police should be an auxiliary criterion both in relation to a specific police officer and to the police body and unit as a whole and has an applied nature to the assessment given by the police leadership. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the assessment of the level of trust of the population may differ significantly from the actual level of trust due to the level of legal awareness, law-abidingness of the respondents, the level of perception of the police due to stereotypes planted in the mind of a person through the media, the Internet, as well as errors (distortions) of survey results. It is claimed that the definition in Part 3 of Art. 11 of the Law of Ukraine "On the National Police", which states that the level of public trust in the police is the main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of police bodies and units, does not fully correspond to the essence of the National Police, does not target policemen of all levels to the quality of the performance of police tasks and functions. As a result, the police is aimed at gaining the trust of the population, and not at the proper performance of its tasks and functions. At the same time, the trust of individual representatives of the population can be obtained through inaction or violation of the law on the part of the police. It is emphasized that the level of trust of the population in the police is an additional criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the activities of bodies and units, which results precisely from the high-quality performance of tasks and functions of the police. It is proposed to define in the Law of Ukraine "On the National Police" that the main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the activities of police officers, police bodies and units is the completeness and quality of the performance of police tasks defined in Art. 2 of the specified Law.

ANALYSIS OF SEA WAVE PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT SAFETY OF NAVIGATION

R. O. Kubitskyi — 2025-03-25

The article considers the characteristics of the process of sea swell, which is one of the main dynamic components of the World Ocean. Waves in the oceans and seas are periodic oscillations of water particles around their position of equilibrium. The causes of formation and conditions for the propagation of waves in the oceans and seas are quite diverse, so they are classified according to various characteristics. Depending on the forces that cause them (i.e., by origin), the following types of waves are distinguished: wind waves, anemobaric waves, seismic waves, tidal waves, ship waves. The study of waves for many years has been carried out on the basis of the provisions of classical hydromechanics. At the moment, there are significant number of different theories of sea waves, among which one of the most illustrative is the so-called trochoidal theory, which is given in the article, exist. This theory considers ideal waves, the profile of which is described by a curve called a trochoid. Wind waves, which are distinguished by great diversity, prevail on the sea surface. As observations have shown, this diversity is characterized, nevertheless, by certain statistical regularities, which makes it possible to study not only individual waves, but also the entire set of wind waves at the same time. The distribution of wind waves in the oceans and seas is determined largely by the characteristics of the wind regime. The degree of dismemberment of the water body, the relief of the bottom, and the presence of ice cover also have a great influence on the waves. Despite the successes achieved in the development of the theory of wind waves, the main issues have not yet received a sufficiently complete and rigorous solution, which is explained by the great complexity of the solution itself. The elements of sea waves that arise under the action of the wind in the oceans and seas depend not only on the strength of the wind, but also on the duration of its action, the length of the acceleration, and the relief of the bottom. Therefore, a wind of the same force under different specific conditions can form different waves. The maximum heights of waves observed in the oceans are much greater than in the seas. The geographical distribution of waves in different areas of the World Ocean by season (month) is given in special publications. Ensuring the safety of navigation in conditions of rough seas, especially in stormy conditions, largely depends on navigator's understanding of the patterns of their influence on ship.

CURRENT ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS OF CONDUCTING ENCOUNTER COMBAT BY MARINE UNITS IN THE WORLD OF MODERN VIEWS

G. O. Pavlov — 2025-03-25

In modern conditions of combat operations, the importance of being ahead of the enemy in fire damage has increased dramatically. Along with being ahead of the enemy in delivering fire strikes, being ahead of him in deploying the main forces and going on the attack is also important. The importance of this condition for achieving success in counter-battle is confirmed by the experience of many counter-battles conducted in past and modern combat operations, and is emphasized in the statutes of many modern armies. Achieving success in counter-battle is impossible without seizing the initiative and maintaining it during the battle. This is achieved by high activity and determination of the troops' actions, their mobility, efficiency in the work of commanders and headquarters, the manifestation of creativity, and being ahead of the enemy in actions. For successful counter-battle operations, it is necessary to creatively apply the general principles of modern combined arms combat, skillfully use great firepower, high maneuverability, mobility and striking power of the troops. At the same time, as combat experience shows, the outcome of a counter-battle is seriously influenced by factors determined by the nature of the battle. They must be fully taken into account when organizing and conducting a counter-battle. Encounter battle is a type of offensive battle in which both sides seek to accomplish the task set by an offensive. The troops in an encounter battle aim to defeat the advancing enemy, seize the initiative and create favorable conditions for further actions. Before the start of the war, the main groups of troops of the parties are at a certain distance from each other, and their clash is preceded by the advance of units and formations on a march from places of permanent deployment, areas of concentration, exercises and assemblies on combat alert. Naturally, in such a situation, when both sides move with the same resolute goal of defeating the enemy by offensive actions, conditions are created for the emergence of numerous encounter battles. Not only units and formations of the first echelon, but also those that advance from the depths to build up efforts, develop success or repel enemy strikes can enter an encounter battle from the march. Therefore, in the initial period of the war, counter-battle with the deployment of troops from marching columns becomes the most characteristic type of offensive action of troops.

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE FOR GRANTING WAR VETERAN STATUS: CONCEPT, FEATURES AND TYPES

S. V. Sivkov — 2025-03-25

This article discloses the concept, features and types of the administrative procedure for granting war veteran status. It is determined that the administrative procedure for establishing war veteran status is a legally defined procedure for considering and resolving cases by authorized entities of public administration aimed at legally establishing the legal status of a war veteran. The administrative procedure for establishing war veteran status in Ukraine is characterized by a number of features that determine its specificity in the public administration system. It is legal in its legal nature, since its purpose is to grant a person a certain public status that generates subjective rights and guarantees defined by law. The procedure is simple in structure – it involves submitting an application with a set of necessary documents and going through several verification stages without complex internal bureaucracy or adversarial behavior of the parties. At the same time, its initiator is a private person (citizen of Ukraine, foreigner or stateless person), who submits an application voluntarily based on his own interest in obtaining the appropriate status. This nature of the procedure emphasizes the importance of adhering to the principles of accessibility, transparency and efficiency in its implementation. It is argued that considering the administrative procedures for establishing the legal status of a combatant, a person with a disability as a result of war and a war participant, we note that the relevant procedures are quite complicated. And this is obvious and quite justified for the state, given the significance and consequences of individuals acquiring the appropriate legal status. However, such procedural problems are compounded by a number of factors that significantly complicate the process of obtaining the legal status of a war veteran by individuals who have the right to establish it, which to a certain extent discriminates against them. The root cause of this is the extremely low level of awareness of the population about the mechanisms for acquiring the appropriate legal status. It is also appropriate to note the lack of respect for human dignity among those authorized to make decisions within the framework of the procedure for establishing the status of a war veteran. The ongoing war has a significant negative impact, as the collection of documents is complicated by the destruction of infrastructure and other negative factors.

SCIENTIFICITY OF THE PROCESS OF STUDYING AND IMPLEMENTING EXPERIENCE IN MILITARY UNITS

M. V. Slobodianiuk — 2025-03-25

The article comprehensively investigates the scientific approach to the study and implementation of combat experience in the naval forces of Ukraine, which is of critical importance in the context of modern military challenges. The main goal of the work is to develop an innovative methodology for analyzing combat experience using mathematical tools, in particular Venn diagrams, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of naval operations. The research methodology represents a general comprehensive approach to collecting and processing information, which integrates active and passive methods of accumulating data from military practice. The fundamental feature of the work is the introduction of Venn diagrams as a tool for comparative analysis of the characteristics of naval equipment, weapons systems and tactical approaches, which provides an objective and comprehensive assessment of combat capabilities. The scientific novelty of the study is revealed through a new methodological approach to analyzing combat experience, based on mathematical visualization tools. The developed methodology forms a systematic approach to the study and implementation of experience in the Naval Forces, creating an effective mechanism for identifying potential threats and enemy capabilities. The results of the study convincingly demonstrate the effectiveness of using Venn diagrams for comparative analysis of combat characteristics, types of ships, weapons and tactical strategies. The proposed scientific approach not only creates the prerequisites for improving the quality of tactical decision-making, but also ensures the optimization of combat planning in naval operations. The practical significance of the work lies in the significant expansion of the analytical tools of military units, the formation of a methodological base for further scientific research in the field of studying and implementing combat experience, which is of strategic importance for ensuring the defense capability of the state.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NATIONAL MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY IN ENSURING THE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATE

B. V. Fasiі — 2025-03-25

This scientific research examines the significance of the national maritime security strategy in ensuring the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state, which is an extremely relevant issue in the face of modern global challenges and threats. For Ukraine, which has significant access to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, ensuring maritime security is a critical element of national security, especially in the context of ongoing armed aggression by the Russian Federation. The analysis of the structure and content of Ukraine’s maritime security strategy allowed for the identification of its positive aspects, among which are a systematic approach to identifying threats, defining key action areas, and the integration of international standards into national policy. However, certain shortcomings were also identified, which require improvement, particularly the insufficient specification of mechanisms for the implementation of strategic goals, weak involvement of the public and private sectors in maritime security issues, and the lack of clear coordination between the responsible government bodies. The article also proposes ways to improve the national maritime security strategy, including enhancing interagency coordination, developing modern maritime monitoring technologies, and strengthening the legal framework for ensuring accountability for violations of maritime security. The research employed a systemic method, which allowed for considering the national maritime security strategy as a unified interconnected system, where each element performs its function in ensuring the territorial integrity of the state. An analytical method was also applied, which contributed to a detailed study of the regulatory framework for maritime security. This made it possible to determine their role in shaping effective national policies and to identify aspects that require improvement. The theoretical value of the research lies in the development of a holistic scientific approach to analyzing the significance of maritime security as a component of the national strategy for ensuring sovereignty and territorial integrity. The practical value of the research lies in the development of recommendations for improving Ukraine’s national maritime security strategy and mechanisms for its implementation to enhance the effectiveness of protecting national interests in the maritime domain.

THE INFLUENCE OF EXPERIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR AT SEA ON NAVAL THEORY OF NATO COUNTRIES

S. V. Kurdiuk — 2025-03-25

The article analyzes the publications of experts from NATO member states – the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany – on the lessons of the Russian-Ukrainian war at sea. It is found that the experience of combat operations in the Black Sea is carefully analyzed by Western researchers. Of particular interest is the use of unmanned maritime vehicles for various purposes by the Ukrainian Defense Forces. Experts point out that thanks to their use, Ukraine, which has virtually no fleet of its own, has managed to significantly limit the activity of the Russian fleet and ensure the functioning of a temporary trade route, the “Ukrainian grain corridor.” In their view, the Ukrainian experience can be useful for other countries that do not have significant budgets for the maintenance of a classical military fleet and need to improve their defense from the sea, including the Baltic states. In addition, maritime drones make warship supply systems vulnerable and threaten ports of embarkation, which in turn will affect the ability of naval forces to conduct more effective operations at sea. At the same time, most military experts from the world's leading countries believe that the experience of the Russian-Ukrainian war at sea is not universal and is due to the specifics of the geographical and operational situation in the Black Sea. There are certain restrictions on the use of unmanned maritime vehicles, which means that they cannot be a full-fledged replacement for classical warships.

THE PRIORITIES OF PROFESSIONAL READING OF THE US NAVY AND COAST GUARD SPECIALISTS

S. P. Shumovetska — 2025-03-25

The article highlights the experience of the leading US military educational establishments, which demonstrates the importance of professional development of future officers, the urgency of finding new forms of work on mastering the theory and practice of naval force and leadership. The author traces in detail the practice of professional reading in educational establishments that train specialists for the US Navy and Coast Guard, in particular, the Marine Corps University, the Naval Institute, the Coast Guard Academy, as well as the US Army Center of Military History, the Naval Postgraduate School and the Military Officers Association of America. The philosophy of education at these educational establishments and institutions is that through interaction with books and self-study, officers can become more informed and competent. The priorities of the professional reading programmes here are naval history, strategy, naval operations, operational doctrine, theory and practice of management and leadership. The books on the lists of professional reading help future officers to better understand the complexities of the modern world, appreciate the naval heritage, generally build a foundation of knowledge and better master various aspects of the strategic environment, their mission, and the basic requirements of naval force. Attention is focused on the importance of adopting similar practices in the military education system of Ukraine. The books on the list of professional reading can help future officers improve the level of knowledge gained during formal training in military establishments and complement the materials of programme classes. Reading such books provides many opportunities to improve the process of making managerial decisions, is invaluable for developing effective ways to solve problematic situations in everyday life and during combat operations, which is a prerequisite for intellectual superiority over the enemy. In general, it is proved that reading literature is an important tool for developing the operational thinking of future officers, their proper preparation for performing tasks of a higher level of cognitive complexity.